CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY (CRT). Need to be updated every 3-6 months.
( ICD,CRT and ICD references are at the end of this section)

Resynchronization Therapy for Heart Failure (Most current comprehensive article, 2004, 39 pages)
Saxon LA, De Narco T
http://www.hrsonline.org/professional_education/learning_categories/articles/default.asp

(The following section was prepared in 2002)

• Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, Delurgio DB, Leon AR, Loh E, Kocovic DZ, Packer M, Clavell AL, Hayes DL, Ellestad M, Trupp RJ, Underwood J, Pickering F, Truex C, McAtee P, Messenger J.
  Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. (MIRACLE)
  N Engl J Med. 2002 Jun 13;346(24):1845-53
• Cazeau S, Leclercq C, Lavergne T, Walker S, Varma C, Linde C, Garrigue S, Kappenberger L, Haywood GA, Santini M, Bailleul C, Daubert JC.
  Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay. (MUSTIC)
  N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar 22;344(12):873-80.
• Barold SS.
  What is cardiac resynchronization therapy?
  Am J Med. 2001 Aug 15;111(3):224-32. Review.
• Trautmann SI, Kloss M, Auricchio A.
  Cardiac resynchronization therapy.
  Curr Cardiol Rep. 2002 Sep;4(5):371-8. Review.
• Cleland JG, Thackray S, Goodge L, Kaye G, Cooklin M.
  Outcome studies with device therapy in patients with heart failure.
  J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002 Jan;13(1 Suppl):S73-91. Review.
• Gras D, Cebron JP, Brunel P, Leurent B, Banus Y.
  Optimal stimulation of the left ventricle.
  J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002 Jan;13(1 Suppl):S57-62. Review, technical.
• Leclercq C, Kass DA.
  Retiming the failing heart: principles and current clinical status of cardiac resynchronization.
  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Jan 16;39(2):194-201. Review.

CRT 2001 - 2004

CRT 2001

• Wong KL, Kocovic DZ, Loh E.
  Cardiac resynchronization: a novel therapy for heart failure.
  Congest Heart Fail. 2001 May-Jun;7(3):139-144.
• Butter C, Auricchio A, Stellbrink C, Fleck E, Ding J, Yu Y, Huvelle E, Spinelli J.
  Effect of resynchronization therapy stimulation site on the systolic function of heart failure patients.
  Circulation. 2001 Dec 18;104(25):3026-9.
• Saxon LA, De Marco T.
  Cardiac resynchronization: a cornerstone in the foundation of device therapy for heart failure.
  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Dec;38(7):1971-3. No abstract available.
• Leier CV.
  Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
  Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2001 Dec;3(6):451-462.
• Tang AS.
  The ten most commonly asked questions about cardiac-resynchronization with pacemakers.
  Cardiol Rev. 2001 Nov-Dec;9(6):299-301. No abstract available.
• Barold SS.
  What is cardiac resynchronization therapy?
  Am J Med. 2001 Aug 15;111(3):224-32. Review.
• Cazeau S, Leclercq C, Lavergne T, Walker S, Varma C, Linde C, Garrigue S, Kappenberger L, Haywood GA, Santini M, Bailleul C, Daubert JC.
  Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay.(MUSTIC)
  N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar 22;344(12):873-80.

CRT 2002

• El-Zaru M, DeNofrio D.
  End-stage Heart Failure: Surgical Therapy and Implantable Devices.
  Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2002 Dec;4(6):511-520.
• Aranda JM Jr, Schofield RS, Leach D, Conti JB, Hill JA, Curtis AB.
  Ventricular dyssynchrony in dilated cardiomyopathy: the role of biventricular pacing in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
  Clin Cardiol. 2002 Aug;25(8):357-62.
• Trautmann SI, Kloss M, Auricchio A.
  Cardiac resynchronization therapy.
  Curr Cardiol Rep. 2002 Sep;4(5):371-8. Review.
• Molhoek SG, Bax JJ, van Erven L, Bootsma M, Boersma E, Steendijk P, van der Wall E, Schalij MJ.
  Effectiveness of resynchronization therapy in patients with end-stage heart failure.
  Am J Cardiol. 2002 Aug 15;90(4):379-83.
• Abraham WT.
  Cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure: biventricular pacing and beyond.
  Curr Opin Cardiol. 2002 Jul;17(4):346-52.
• Sawhney N, Faddis M.
  Resynchronization Therapy for Congestive Heart Failure.
  Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2002 Aug;4(4):277-285.
• Hare JM.
  Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for heart failure.
  N Engl J Med. 2002 Jun 13;346(24):1902-5. No abstract available.
• Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, Delurgio DB, Leon AR, Loh E, Kocovic DZ, Packer M, Clavell AL, Hayes DL, Ellestad M, Trupp RJ, Underwood J, Pickering F, Truex C, McAtee P, Messenger J.
  Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. (MIRACLE)
  N Engl J Med. 2002 Jun 13;346(24):1845-53.
• Gras D, Leclercq C, Tang AS, Bucknall C, Luttikhuis HO, Kirstein-Pedersen A.
  Cardiac resynchronization therapy in advanced heart failure the multicenter InSync clinical study.
  Eur J Heart Fail. 2002 Jun;4(3):311-20.
• Leon AR, Greenberg JM, Kanuru N, Baker CM, Mera FV, Smith AL, Langberg JJ, DeLurgio DB.
  Cardiac resynchronization in patients with congestive heart failure and chronic atrial fibrillation: effect of upgrading to biventricular pacing after chronic right ventricular pacing.
  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Apr 17;39(8):1258-63.
• Lunati M, Paolucci M, Oliva F, Frigerio M, Magenta G, Cattafi G, Vecchi R, Vicini I, Cavaglia S.
  Patient selection for biventricular pacing.
  J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002 Jan;13(1 Suppl):S63-7.
• Gras D, Cebron JP, Brunel P, Leurent B, Banus Y.
  Optimal stimulation of the left ventricle.
  J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002 Jan;13(1 Suppl):S57-62. Review.
• Cohen TJ, Klein J.
  Cardiac resynchronization therapy for treatment of chronic heart failure.
  J Invasive Cardiol. 2002 Jan;14(1):48-53. Review.
• Leclercq C, Kass DA.
  Retiming the failing heart: principles and current clinical status of cardiac resynchronization.
  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Jan 16;39(2):194-201. Review.
• Cleland JG, Thackray S, Goodge L, Kaye G, Cooklin M.
  Outcome studies with device therapy in patients with heart failure.
  J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002 Jan;13(1 Suppl):S73-91. Review.

CRT 2003

• Gaudiani VA, Castro LJ, Fisher AL.
  Biventricular pacing during cardiac operations.
  Heart Surg Forum. 2003;6(6):E126-8.
• Achilli A, Sassara M, Ficili S, Pontillo D, Achilli P, Alessi C, De Spirito S, Guerra R, Patruno N, Serra F.
  Long-term effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with refractory heart failure and "narrow" QRS.
  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Dec 17;42(12):2117-24.
• Auricchio A, Stellbrink C, Butter C, Sack S, Vogt J, Misier AR, Bocker D, Block M, Kirkels JH, Kramer A, Huvelle E; Pacing Therapies in Congestive Heart Failure II Study Group; Guidant Heart Failure Research Group.
  Clinical efficacy of cardiac resynchronization therapy using left ventricular pacing in heart failure patients stratified by severity of ventricular conduction delay.
  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Dec 17;42(12):2109-16.
• Irwin JM, Glover MU, Barold SS.
  Treatment of pacemaker induced severe mitral regurgitation with biventricular pacing in two patients with a normal left ventricular ejection fraction.
  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003 Dec;26(12):2333-5.
• Bordachar P, Garrigue S, Lafitte S, Reuter S, Jais P, Haissaguerre M, Clementy J.
  Interventricular and intra-left ventricular electromechanical delays in right ventricular paced patients with heart failure: implications for upgrading to biventricular stimulation.
  Heart. 2003 Dec;89(12):1401-5.
• Yu Y, Kramer A, Spinelli J, Ding J, Hoersch W, Auricchio A.
  Biventricular mechanical asynchrony predicts hemodynamic effect of uni- and biventricular pacing.
  Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003 Dec;285(6):H2788-96.
• Mair H, Jansens JL, Lattouf OM, Reichart B, Dabritz S.
  Epicardial lead implantation techniques for biventricular pacing via left lateral mini-thoracotomy, video-assisted thoracoscopy, and robotic approach.
  Heart Surg Forum. 2003;6(5):412-7.
• Santos JF, Caetano F, Parreira L, Madeira J, Cardoso P, Fonseca N, Segurado F, Soares LN, Ines L.
  Tissue Doppler echocardiography for evaluation of patients with ventricular resynchronization therapy.
  Rev Port Cardiol. 2003 Nov;22(11):1363-71. English, Portuguese.
• Santos JF, Caetano F, Parreira L, Madeira J, Cardoso P, Fonseca N, Segurado F, Soares LN, Ines L. Related Articles, Links
  Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on right ventricular function--evaluation with tissue Doppler echocardiography.
  Rev Port Cardiol. 2003 Nov;22(11):1347-55. English, Portuguese.
• Chirife R, Tentori MC, Mazzetti H, Dasso D.
  Automatic beat-to-beat left heart AV normalization: is it possible?
  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003 Nov;26(11):2103-10.
• Bax JJ, Marwick TH, Molhoek SG, Bleeker GB, van Erven L, Boersma E, Steendijk P, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ.
  Left ventricular dyssynchrony predicts benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with end-stage heart failure before pacemaker implantation.
  Am J Cardiol. 2003 Nov 15;92(10):1238-40.
• Pua BB, Saunders PC, Lapietra A, Colvin SB, Collins J, Grossi EA.
  Transatrial dual chamber biventricular pacemaker-defibrillator placement in a patient with SVC obstruction.
  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003 Oct;26(10):2045-7.
• Santos JF, Parreira L, Madeira J, Fonseca N, Soares LN, Ines L.
  Non invasive hemodynamic monitorization for AV interval optimization in patients with ventricular resynchronization therapy.
  Rev Port Cardiol. 2003 Sep;22(9):1091-8. English, Portuguese.
• Kanzaki H, Jacques D, Sade LE, Severyn DA, Schwartzman D, Gorcsan J 3rd.
  Regional correlation by color-coded tissue Doppler to quantify improvements in mechanical left ventricular synchrony after biventricular pacing therapy.
  Am J Cardiol. 2003 Sep 15;92(6):752-5.
• Ellenbogen KA, Hellkamp AS, Wilkoff BL, Camunas JL, Love JC, Hadjis TA, Lee KL, Lamas GA.
  Complications arising after implantation of DDD pacemakers: the MOST experience.
  Am J Cardiol. 2003 Sep 15;92(6):740-1.
• Thaman R, Murphy RT, Firoozi S, Hamid SM, Gimeno JR, Sachdev B, Paul V, Rowland E, Frenneaux MP, Elliott PM.
  Restrictive transmitral filling patterns predict improvements in left ventricular function after biventricular pacing.
  Heart. 2003 Sep;89(9):1087-8. No abstract available.
• Ciolli A, Trambaiolo P, Lo Sardo G, Sasdelli M, Palamara A.
  Asymptomatic malposition of a pacing lead in the left ventricle: the case of a woman untreated with anticoagulant therapy for eight years.
  Ital Heart J. 2003 Aug;4(8):562-4.
• Jansens JL, Jottrand M, Preumont N, Stoupel E, de Canniere D.
  Robotic-enhanced biventricular resynchronization: an alternative to endovenous cardiac resynchronization therapy in chronic heart failure.
  Ann Thorac Surg. 2003 Aug;76(2):413-7; discussion 417.
• Schuster P, Faerestrand S, Ohm OJ.
  Colour tissue velocity imaging can show resynchronisation of longitudinal left ventricular contraction pattern by biventricular pacing in patients with severe heart failure.
  Heart. 2003 Aug;89(8):859-64.
• Adamson PB, Kleckner KJ, VanHout WL, Srinivasan S, Abraham WT.
  Cardiac resynchronization therapy improves heart rate variability in patients with symptomatic heart failure.
  Circulation. 2003 Jul 22;108(3):266-9. Epub 2003 Jul 14.
• Morgan JA, Ginsburg ME, Sonett JR, Morales DL, Kohmoto T, Gorenstein LA, Smith CR, Argenziano M. Related Articles, Links
  Advanced thoracoscopic procedures are facilitated by computer-aided robotic technology.
  Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003 Jun;23(6):883-7; discussion 887.
• Molhoek SG, Bax JJ, van Erven L, Steendijk P, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ.
  Eligibility for biventricular pacing in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
  Eur J Heart Fail. 2003 Jun;5(3):315-7.
• Perego GB, Chianca R, Facchini M, Frattola A, Balla E, Zucchi S, Cavaglia S, Vicini I, Negretto M, Osculati G.
  Simultaneous vs. sequential biventricular pacing in dilated cardiomyopathy: an acute hemodynamic study.
  Eur J Heart Fail. 2003 Jun;5(3):305-13.
• Young JB, Abraham WT, Smith AL, Leon AR, Lieberman R, Wilkoff B, Canby RC, Schroeder JS, Liem LB, Hall S, Wheelan K; Multicenter InSync ICD Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE ICD) Trial Investigators.
  Combined cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardioversion defibrillation in advanced chronic heart failure: the MIRACLE ICD Trial.
  JAMA. 2003 May 28;289(20):2685-94.
• Linde C, Braunschweig F, Gadler F, Bailleul C, Daubert JC.
  Long-term improvements in quality of life by biventricular pacing in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the Multisite Stimulation in Cardiomyopathy study (MUSTIC).
  Am J Cardiol. 2003 May 1;91(9):1090-5.
• Dubin AM, Feinstein JA, Reddy VM, Hanley FL, Van Hare GF, Rosenthal DN.
  Electrical resynchronization: a novel therapy for the failing right ventricle.
  Circulation. 2003 May 13;107(18):2287-9. Epub 2003 May 05.
• Makaryus AN, Arduini AD, Mallin J, Chung E, Kort S, Shi Q, Jadonath R, Mangion J.
  Echocardiographic features of patients with heart failure who may benefit from biventricular pacing.
  Echocardiography. 2003 Apr;20(3):217-23.
• DeRose JJ, Ashton RC, Belsley S, Swistel DG, Vloka M, Ehlert F, Shaw R, Sackner-Bernstein J, Hillel Z, Steinberg JS.
  Robotically assisted left ventricular epicardial lead implantation for biventricular pacing.
  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Apr 16;41(8):1414-9.
• St John Sutton MG, Plappert T, Abraham WT, Smith AL, DeLurgio DB, Leon AR, Loh E, Kocovic DZ, Fisher WG, Ellestad M, Messenger J, Kruger K, Hilpisch KE, Hill MR; Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE) Study Group.
  Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure.
  Circulation. 2003 Apr 22;107(15):1985-90. Epub 2003 Mar 31.
• Chan KL, Tang AS, Achilli A, Sassara M, Bocchiardo M, Gaita F, Cavaglia S, Hilpisch K, Hill MR, Gras D.
  Functional and echocardiographic improvement following multisite biventricular pacing for congestive heart failure.
  Can J Cardiol. 2003 Mar 31;19(4):387-90.
• Livanis EG, Flevari P, Theodorakis GN, Kolokathis F, Leftheriotis D, Kremastinos DT.
  Effect of biventricular pacing on heart rate variability in patients with chronic heart failure.
  Eur J Heart Fail. 2003 Mar;5(2):175-8.
• Breithardt OA, Sinha AM, Schwammenthal E, Bidaoui N, Markus KU, Franke A, Stellbrink C.
  Acute effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional mitral regurgitation in advanced systolic heart failure.
  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Mar 5;41(5):765-70. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 May 21;41(10):1852.
• Disney PJ, Ashby DT, Young GD, Bradley JA.
  Biventricular pacing for severe mitral regurgitation following atrioventricular nodal ablation.
  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003 Feb;26(2 Pt 1):643-4.
• Gasparini M, Mantica M, Galimberti P, Marconi M, Genovese L, Faletra F, Simonini S, Klersy C, Coates R, Gronda E.
  Beneficial effects of biventricular pacing in patients with a "narrow" QRS.
  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003 Jan;26(1 Pt 2):169-74.
• Galizio NO, Pesce R, Valero E, Gonzalez JL, Favaloro RR, Favaloro L, Perrone S, Davila P, Godoy M.
  Which patients with congestive heart failure may benefit from biventricular pacing?
  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003 Jan;26(1 Pt 2):158-61.
• Erdogan A, Rueckleben S, Tillmanns HH, Waldecker B.
  Proportion of candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy.
  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003 Jan;26(1 Pt 2):152-4.
• Kumar UN, Saxon LA.
  Ventricular resynchronization: a promising therapy for heart failure.
  Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2003 Jan-Feb;12(1):41-8. Review.
• Lane RE, Chow AW, Mayet J, Davies DW.
  Biventricular pacing exclusively via a persistent left-sided superior vena cava: case report.
  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003 Feb;26(2 Pt 1):640-2.
• Yu CM, Yang H, Lau CP, Wang Q, Wang S, Lam L, Sanderson JE.
  Regional left ventricle mechanical asynchrony in patients with heart disease and normal QRS duration: implication for biventricular pacing therapy.
  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003 Feb;26(2 Pt 1):562-70.
• Tyers GF, Clark J, Wang Y, Mills P, Bashir J.
  Coronary sinus lead extraction.
  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003 Jan;26(1 Pt 2):524-6.
• al-Khadra AS.
  Implantation of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators in orally anticoagulated patients.
  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003 Jan;26(1 Pt 2):511-4.
• Gasparini M, Mantica M, Galimberti P, Coltorti F, Simonini S, Ceriotti C, Gronda E.
  Biventricular pacing via a persistent left superior vena cava: report of four cases.
  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003 Jan;26(1 Pt 2):192-6.
• Vlay SC.
  Alternatives when coronary sinus pacing is not possible.
  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003 Jan;26(1 Pt 1):4-7.
• Duncan A, Wait D, Gibson D, Daubert JC; MUSTIC (Multisite Stimulationin Cardiomyopathies) Trial.
  Left ventricular remodelling and haemodynamic effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and activation disturbances in sinus rhythm: sub-study of the MUSTIC (Multisite Stimulationin Cardiomyopathies) trial.
  Eur Heart J. 2003 Mar;24(5):430-41.
• Bax JJ, Molhoek SG, van Erven L, Voogd PJ, Somer S, Boersma E, Steendijk P, Schalij MJ, Van der Wall EE.
  Usefulness of myocardial tissue Doppler echocardiography to evaluate left ventricular dyssynchrony before and after biventricular pacing in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
  Am J Cardiol. 2003 Jan 1;91(1):94-7. No abstract available.

CRT 2004

• Vinereanu D, Bleasdale R, Turner M, Frenneaux MP, Fraser AG.
  Comparison of left ventricular-biventricular pacing on ventricular synchrony, mitral regurgitation, and global left ventricular function in patients with severe chronic heart failure.
  Am J Cardiol. 2004 Aug 15;94(4):519-21.
• Koos R, Sinha AM, Markus K, Breithardt OA, Mischke K, Zarse M, Schmid M, Autschbach R, Hanrath P, Stellbrink C.
  Comparison of left ventricular lead placement via the coronary venous approach versus lateral thoracotomy in patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy.
  Am J Cardiol. 2004 Jul 1;94(1):59-63.
• van Gelder BM, Bracke FA, Meijer A, Lakerveld LJ, Pijls NH.
  Effect of optimizing the VV interval on left ventricular contractility in cardiac resynchronization therapy.
  Am J Cardiol. 2004 Jun 15;93(12):1500-3.
• Dekker AL, Phelps B, Dijkman B, van der Nagel T, van der Veen FH, Geskes GG, Maessen JG.
  Epicardial left ventricular lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy: optimal pace site selection with pressure-volume loops.
  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004 Jun;127(6):1641-7.
• Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, Krueger S, Kass DA, De Marco T, Carson P, DiCarlo L, DeMets D, White BG, DeVries DW, Feldman AM; Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) Investigators.
  Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure.
  N Engl J Med. 2004 May 20;350(21):2140-50.
• Bleeker GB, Schalij MJ, Molhoek SG, Verwey HF, Holman ER, Boersma E, Steendijk P, Van Der Wall EE, Bax JJ.
  Relationship between QRS duration and left ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with end-stage heart failure.
  J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004 May;15(5):544-9.
• Gorcsan J 3rd, Kanzaki H, Bazaz R, Dohi K, Schwartzman D.
  Usefulness of echocardiographic tissue synchronization imaging to predict acute response to cardiac resynchronization therapy.
  Am J Cardiol. 2004 May 1;93(9):1178-81.
• Zwanenburg JJ, Gotte MJ, Kuijer JP, Heethaar RM, van Rossum AC, Marcus JT.
  Timing of cardiac contraction in humans mapped by high-temporal-resolution MRI tagging: early onset and late peak of shortening in lateral wall.
  Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004 May;286(5):H1872-80. Epub 2004 Jan 15.
• Schuster P, Faerestrand S, Ohm OJ.
  Color Doppler tissue velocity imaging can disclose systolic left ventricular asynchrony independent of the QRS morphology in patients with severe heart failure.
  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004 Apr;27(4):460-7.
• Simantirakis EN, Vardakis KE, Kochiadakis GE, Manios EG, Igoumenidis NE, Brignole M, Vardas PE.
  Left ventricular mechanics during right ventricular apical or left ventricular-based pacing in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation after atrioventricular junction ablation.
  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Mar 17;43(6):1013-8.
• Penicka M, Bartunek J, De Bruyne B, Vanderheyden M, Goethals M, De Zutter M, Brugada P, Geelen P.
  Improvement of left ventricular function after cardiac resynchronization therapy is predicted by tissue Doppler imaging echocardiography.
  Circulation. 2004 Mar 2;109(8):978-83. Epub 2004 Feb 09.
• Meluzin J, Novak M, Mullerova J, Krejci J, Hude P, Eisenberger M, Dusek L, Dvorak I, Spinarova L.
  A fast and simple echocardiographic method of determination of the optimal atrioventricular delay in patients after biventricular stimulation.
  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004 Jan;27(1):58-64.
• Resynchronization Therapy for Heart Failure (Most current comprehensive article, 2004, 39 pages)
  Sacon LA, De Narco T
  http://www.hrsonline.org/pdf_files/CRT_12_3.pdf

CRT 2005

Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, Tavazzi L; Cardiac
The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure.
N Engl J Med. 2005 Apr 14;352(15):1539-49. Epub 2005 Mar 7.

Right ventricular pacing may have detrimental effect on patients with poor left ventricular function.

• Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS, Ellenbogen KA, Greenspon AJ, Freedman RA, Lee KL, Lamas GA; MOde Selection Trial Investigators. (MOST)
  Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction.
  (See more comment on Wang PJ presentation below)
  Circulation. 2003 Jun 17;107(23):2932-7. Epub 2003 Jun 02.
• Wilkoff BL, Cook JR, Epstein AE, Greene HL, Hallstrom AP, Hsia H, Kutalek SP, Sharma A; Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator Trial Investigators.
  Dual-chamber pacing or ventricular backup pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator: the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial.
  JAMA. 2002 Dec 25;288(24):3115-23.
• Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Brown MW, Andrews ML; Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II Investigators. (MADIT II)
  Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction.
  N Engl J Med. 2002 Mar 21;346(12):877-83. Epub 2002 Mar 19.
  (See more comment on Wang PJ presentation below)
• Wang PJ
  To Pace or Not to Pace: Right Ventricular vs Biventricular Pacing in Patients With Heart Failure.
  Medscape CME course. http://www.medscape.com/viewprogram/3566_pnt

CRT/ICD AND ICD

• Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Brown MW, Andrews ML.
  Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. (MADIT II)
  N Engl J Med. 2002 Mar 21;346(12):877-83.
• Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, Krueger S, Kass DA, De Marco T, Carson P, DiCarlo L, DeMets D, White BG, DeVries DW, Feldman AM; Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) Investigators.
  Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure.
  N Engl J Med. 2004 May 20;350(21):2140-50.
• Wilkoff BL, Cook JR, Epstein AE, Greene HL, Hallstrom AP, Hsia H, Kutalek SP, Sharma A; Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator Trial Investigators.
  Dual-chamber pacing or ventricular backup pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator: the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial.
  JAMA. 2002 Dec 25;288(24):3115-23.
• Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, Domanski M, Troutman C, Anderson J, Johnson G, McNulty SE, Clapp-Channing N, Davidson-Ray LD, Fraulo ES, Fishbein DP, Luceri RM, Ip JH; Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) Investigators.
  Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure.
  N Engl J Med. 2005 Jan 20;352(3):225-37.
  
  

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